Childhood Maltreatment and Diabetes Relationship

kidhood Maltreat manpowert and Diabetes RelationshipStudy RationaleThe elementary finale of this get hold of is to conduct an empirical investigation of the association in the midst of an proterozoic keep mental strainor such(prenominal) as childishness revilement and subsequent diagnosis of type II diabetes in swelledhood. This contain allow foring specifically look if a race exists amidst the type and inclementness of puerility ill-treatment encountered and participants diabetes- cerebrate quality of spirit. To contribute a scene for the current view, background literary works focusing on or so(prenominal) dimensions that sport received considerable maintenance in the mental literature is first thoroughly reviewed definition and set up of puerility ill-usage and the biopsychosocial aspect of token II diabetes. The current theatre of operationss purpose, hypotheses, method, and entropy analytic strategy will then be proposed.Background trainingC hildhood MaltreatmentChildhood insult refers to, each act or series of acts of commission or disregard by a kindle or otherwise c atomic number 18giver that results in accidental injury, potential for harm, or nemesis of harm to a child (Centers for Disease Control CDC, n.d., para. 1). In their report, Child Maltreatment Surveillance, Leeb, Paulozzo, Melanson, Simon, Arias (2007) defined acts of commission as deliberate and intentional exercise of words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child. Examples of acts of commission include natural, sexual, and/or psychological shout out. Acts of omission, on the other hand, be the ill to provide for a childs basic physical, stirred, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm (Leeb et al., 2007). Thus, acts of omission include physical, emotional, medical, or educational neglect, the failure to supervise or stingy supervision, and/or exposure to a violent environment. harmonise to the well-nigh new publication by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) on childhood maltreatment, an estimated 905,000 children were determined to be victims of blackguard or neglect (USDHHS, 2006). Specifically, 64.2 per centum of child victims bringd neglect, 16.0 pct were physically abused, 8.8 percent were sexually abused, and 6.6 percent were emotionally or psychologically maltreated. The report suggests that rates of victimization by maltreatment type suffer fluctuated besides slightly during the past some(prenominal) years.The yearn-term consequences of child maltreatment are square and include the try of alterations of brain structure and function, sexual risk of infection taking behaviors, eating disorders, dangerous intent and behavior, lower self-esteem, adjustment problems, internalizing problems (i.e. anxiety and depressive disorders), externalizing problems (i.e. personality disorders and substance abuse), adult trauma, continuation of int ergenerational violence and/or neglect, and developmental and cognitive disabilities (Anda, Felitti, Bremner, Walker, Whitfield, Perry, Dube, Giles, 2006 Arata, Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Bowers, OFarrill-Swails, 2005 Bar do-Cone, Maldonado, Crosby, Mitchell, Wonderlich, Joiner, Crow, Peterson, Klein, Grange, 2008 Johnson, Sheahan, Chard, 2003 Kaplow Widom, 2007 Kaslow, Okun, Young, Wyckoff, Thompson, Price, Bender, Twomey, Golding, Parker, 2002 Lewis, Jospitre, Griffing, Chu, Sage, Madry, Primm, 2006 Medrano, Hatch, Zule, Desmond, 2002 Smith, 1996 Sobsey, 2002 Taft, Marshall, Schumm, Panuzio, Holtzworth-Munroe, 2008). A unchanging relationship amongst abuse explanation and poorer all overall health has alike been demonstrated in a stratified, epidemiologic assay of twain(prenominal) men and women within the unify States (Cromer and Sachs-Ericsson, 2006).Childhood Maltreatment and Physical Health ProblemsA consistent dose-relationship surrounded by abuse memoir, po orer overall health, and sustained losses in health-related quality of emotional state has been well try outed (Cromer Sachs-Ericsson, 2006 Golding, 1994 Corso, Edwards, Fange, Mercy, 2008). Childhood sexual abuse has been associated with physical complaints such as migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and chronic inconvenience oneself (Goldberg, Pachas, Keith, 1999 Goodwin, Hoven, Murison, Hotopf, 2003 Ross, 2005 Walker, Keegan, Gardner, Sullivan, Bernstein, Katon, 1997). Furtherto a greater extent, using selective information from the National Corbidity Study, a nationally representative worldwide universe of discourse study, Arnow (2004) form that abused children were likely to have pelvic and musculoskeletal pain as adults, and utilize health care services at a greater proportion in adulthood. However, a major boundary of these studies is exclusion of emotional and/or psychological abuse fancyd in childhood. Additionally, results regarding the incidenc e of types of childhood maltreatment and diabetes have been mixed.DiabetesDiabetes is a chronic affection characterized by the privation or granting immunity to insulin, a hormone demand to convert sugar, starches and other food into animation needed for daily living. As such, insulin deficiency compromises the body tissues access to essential nutrients for fuel or storage. According to the Ameri merchant ship Diabetes Association (ADA), in that respect are 23.6 million children and adults in the coupled States, or 7.8% of the population, who have diabetes, many of which unaware that they have the malady (ADA, n.d., para. 2).Diabetes occurs in two primary forms. shell I diabetes is characterized by absolute deficiency and typically occurs before the age of 30. display case II diabetes, however, is typified by insulin resistance with varying degrees of deficiencies in the bodys ability to secrete insulin. Sedentary livelihoodstyle and fare have been linked to the developm ent of shell II diabetes. Other risk performers for this type of diabetes include fleshiness, pregnancy, metabolic syndrome, and various medications. Physiologic and emotional tensity has also been thought to play a recognize role in the development of fictional character II diabetes specifically. Prolonged elevation of emphasise hormones, videlicet hydrocortisone, glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone, increases kin glucose directs, which in turn places increase demands on the pancreas. such(prenominal) tense ultimately leads to the inability of the pancreas to keep up with the bodys need for insulin and amply levels of glucose and insulin circulate in the bloodstream, setting the stage for fictitious character II diabetes (Diseases, 2006). reference of Stress in the Onset of Diabetes Animal StudiesResearchers have found that both a history and presence of existing stressors play a profound role in the onset and course of diabetes. Through the use of animate b eing studies, inquiryers have been able to prospectively test the influence of stress on both types of diabetes. For example, Lehman, Rodin, McEwen, and Brinton (1991) investigated whether an environmental challenge promoted the expression of diabetes in bio-breeding rats. Researchers introduced a triad of stressors to the animals over a 14-week period, including rotation of the cage, vibration, and restraint in item-by-item containers. They found that the judicatory of these stressors repeatedly increase the likelihood of the rats developing pillowcase I diabetes as indicated by high blood sugar levels (Lehman et al., 1991).One of the first observations that stress could contribute to the expression of Type II diabetes was made during metabolic studies of the homegrown North African sand rat (psammonys obesus). Once fed with research lab chow and allowed to become obese, the North African sand rat will eventually develop Type II diabetes in response to an environmental stres sor (Surwit, Schenider, Feinglos, 1992). Notably, Mikat, Hackel, Cruz, and Lebowitz (1972) administered an esophageal intubation of saline in an effort to control the dietetical intake of the sand rat. This tube feeding resulted in an alteration of glucose leeway and fall downd the onset of Type II diabetes in these rats. Similar research was done on the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse, which is used as a type of Type II diabetes in humans because of its pattern of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance (Surwit, Feinglos, Livingston, Kuhn, McCubbin, 1984). To study the effects of environmental stress and sympathetic nervous system arousal on plasma glucose in ob/ob mice, Surwit et al. (1984) designed two experimental conditions. In the first condition, 15 ob/ob mice were shaken in their cage at a rate of 200 strokes per arcsecond for five minutes. In the second condition, 16 ob/ob mice were injected with epinephrine bitartrate, a chemical whose effects mimic those of the stress response. Plasma glucose levels in mice from both conditions were found to be importantly elevated. The researchers concluded that environmental stress was partially obligated for the expression of the diabetic phenotype in this animal specimen of diabetes.Role of Stress in the Onset of Diabetes Human Studies entropy collect on the impact of life events on Types I diabetes in a human precedent has yielded inconsistent results. An early study by Grant, Kyle, Teichman, and Mendels (1974) examined the relationship mingled with the occurrence of life events and the course of affection in a group of 37 diabetic patients. Using Holmes and Rahes Schedule of Recent Events (SRE), a scale in which 43 significant recent life events are assigned a numeric value of life change units as a pass judgmentment of life stress, Grant et al. (1974) found that of the 26 participants who had a positive correlation between undesirable life events a nd illness, 24 had a positive correlation between undesirable events scores and diabetic condition. This entropy suggests that negative events were primarily responsible between life events and changes in diabetic condition since the inclusion of neutral and positive events did not increase the magnitude of the correlations. Despite the significant results, this study had a number of limitations, including the utilization of a small model size, difficulty in establishing reliable criteria for valueing subtle changes in the diabetic condition, lack of sufficient time to elapse between assessments for significant life changes to occur, and the lack of delineation of the types of diabetes studied (i.e. Type I vs. II).However, in a more recent meta-analysis, Cosgrove (2004) found no record to funding the hypothesis that life events cause or precipitate Type I diabetes. Using an electronic and manual literature search of appropriate key words (namely, diabetes and depression, diabet es and depressive, diabetes and life events, diabetes and stress) in the literature up to July 2003, Cosgrove (2004) aimed to establish whether there might be a link between depression, stress, or life events and the onset of Type I diabetes. A total of nine text file were found from the electronic and manual search. It was concluded that when the number and severity of life events was compared to controls in all nine reviewed studies, no differences were detected in the diabetics (Cosgrove, 2004). though data from small, older studies and large, randomized studies showed that early losses in childhood increase the risk of developing Type I diabetes, no testify was found to support the hypothesis that life events cause or precipitate this diagnosis. Meta-analyses with more recent studies have not been found analyse the relationships between stressful life events in both types of diabetes. As such, it is unknown whether associate have since been found by other researchers.More co nsistent evidence was found supporting the notion that stressful circumstances precipitate Type II diabetes. In their study of environmental stress on Type II diabetics, McCleskey, Lewis, and Woodruff (1978) measured glucagon and glucose levels on 25 patients who were undergoing elective surgery, a physical stressor. Ten haves were holded during pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative periods for each patient. It was found that without the sampling period, diabetic patients had two times the amount of glucagon (a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the increase of blood sugar levels) in their body compared to their non-diabetic counterparts (McCleskey, Lewis, Woodruff, 1978).This effect was also found in Pima Indians, who have an approximately 60% meet of eventually developing Type II diabetes, compared with 5% of the Caucasian population (Surwit, Schenider, Feinglos, 1992). The effects of a simple-minded arithmetic task on blood glucose levels were st udied in both Caucasian and Pima Indian samples. Surwit, McCubbin, Feinglos, Esposito-Del Puente, and Lillioja (1990) found that blood glucose was consistently toweringer during and hobby the stressful task in ten of 13 Pima Indians, concluding that modify glycemic responsivity to behavioral stressors anticipates the development of Type II diabetes in individuals who are genetically predisposed to the disease (Surwit et al., 1990).Results from The Hoorn Study further illustrated the effects of stress on Type II diabetes. Mooy, De Vries, Grootenhuis, Boutner, and Heine (2000) analyzed data from a large population-based evaluate of 2,262 adults in the Netherlands upon which the researchers were able to explore whether chronic stress is positively associated with the preponderance of Type II diabetes. summary of data confirmed their hypothesis a high number of rather common major life events that are correlated with chronic psychological stress, such as death of a spouse or reloca tion of residence, were indeed found to correspond to a significantly high percentage of undetected diabetes (Mooy et al., 2000). Because the study was conducted in the Netherlands on a Caucasian, middle-aged population, it is uncertain whether these findings are generalizable to other demographics in contrastive geographic regions.Childhood Maltreatment and DiabetesThus far, with the exception of one study, the research discussed has demonstrated a positive correlation between a mix of recent or current environmental stressors, such as anesthesia, surgery, cognitive tasks, death of a loved one, and other significant losses, and the onset of Type I and/or II diabetes in animals and human beings. However, the literature is pretty limited as to the relationship between a past environmental stressor, namely childhood maltreatment, and Type II diabetes in adulthood.Numerous researchers examined the preponderance of medical problems in abused populations and have account that diabet es is one of the most common health conditions among those who have experienced maltreatment. For example, using data haggard from the National Comorbidity Study conducted in the early 1990s, Sachs-Ericsson, Blazer, Plant, and Arnow (2005) examined the independent effects of childhood sexual and physical abuse on adult health shape in a large community sample of 5,877 men and women. Sachs-Ericsson et al. (2005) found that childhood sexual and physical abuse was associated with the one-year prevalence of dangerous health problems for both men and women. Specifically, participants who experienced any form of childhood abuse were more likely to report having a medical condition, including AIDS, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney or liver disease, neurological problems, stroke, gastrointestinal disorders, or any other serious health problem (Sachs-Ericsson et al., 2005). though data from this epidemiological study likely represents the U.S. demographics, a number of limitations exist. Specifically, the researchers did not report the prevalence of each disorder endorsed and thus, the actual incidence of diabetes in the population sample is unknown. Furthermore, Sachs-Ericsson et. al (2005) did not look at additional forms of maltreatment, such as verbal abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect.Similarly, Walker, Gelfand, Katon, Koss, Von Korff, Bernstein, and Russo (1999) found a significant association between childhood maltreatment and adverse adult health outcomes. In particular, the researchers administered a survey to 1,225 women randomly selected from the membership of a large HMO in Washington State. Results indicated that women with childhood maltreatment histories were more likely to have an change magnitude number of physician-coded ICD-9 diagnoses, grouped together as high blood pressure, diabetes, dermatitis, asthma, allergy, acne, and insane menstrual bleeding. Though the group of women in this study who repor ted threshold levels of sexual maltreatment had the poorest health outcomes, a major limitation of this study is the uncertainty as to whether additional forms of maltreatment were concomitantly experienced. Specifically, the authors do not establish whether sexual abuse solely was the cause of poorer health or is mostly due to quaternary forms of maltreatment in girls who were not properly protected in their early families. Moreover, Walker et al. (1999) do not differentiate between types of diabetes.Gender differences have been established in the association between physical abuse in childhood and overall health problems in adulthood. Analysis of data from 16,000 individuals interviewed in the National Violence Against Women Survey found that egg-producing(prenominal) abuse victims were at greater risk for health problems than their male counterparts (Thompson, Kingree, Desai, 2004). Furthermore, women with maltreatment history tend to have more distressing physical experien ces, have an change magnitude number of physician-coded diagnoses, and were more likely to engage in multiple health risk behaviors, including obesity a significant risk factor associated with Type II diabetes (Trickett, Putnam, Noll, 2005 Walker, Gelgand, Katon, Koss, Von Korff, Bernstein, Russo, 1999). Moreover, sexual scandalise history throughout ones life was also associated with chronic disease (i.e. diabetes, arthritis, and physical disability) in a sample of women from Los Angeles (Golding, 1994). Conversely, in their sample of 680 primary care patients, Norman, Means-Christensen, Craske, Sherbourne, Roy-Byrne, and Stein (2006) found that the experience of trauma significantly increased the betting odds of arthritis and diabetes for men, while trauma was associated with increased odds for digestive disorders and cancer in women. Although the data suggests that childhood maltreatment is related to adverse health outcomes in adulthood, they do not care for as to why ass ociations differed by gender.Analyzing data from the Midlife Development in the United States Survey (MIDUS), Goodwin and Weisberg (2002) sought to determine the association between childhood emotional and physical abuse and the odds of self-reported diabetes among adults in the general population. Their results revealed that self-reported diabetes occurred in 4.8% of its representative sample of 3,032 adults aged 25-74 years. Childhood abuse was associated with significantly increased odds of self-reported diabetes, which persisted after adjusting for differences in socio-demographic characteristics and mental health status (Goodwin Weisberg, 2002). Moreover, individuals who specifically reported maternal emotional abuse and maternal physical abuse had significantly high rates of diabetes (Goodwin Weisberg, 2002).Furthermore, data gathered from a sample of one hundred thirty patients (65 abused, 65 non-abused controls) drawn from an adult primary-care practice in a small, afflu ent, predominantly Caucasian community in northern New England revealed that patients with a history of victimization were more likely to report diabetes or endorse symptoms of this illness than non-abused participants (Kendall-Tackett Marshall, 1999). Specifically, four patients in the abused group reported diabetes, with none in the control group. Interestingly, those patients in the abused group did not have a significantly higher family history of diabetes than those in the non-abused group and a higher percentage of patients in the abused group reported having three of more symptoms than did those in the control group. Kendall-Tackett and Marshall (1999) assert that although only four great deal identified themselves as having diabetes, this number should be interpreted in the broader context of incidence of diabetes in the general population. Nonetheless, this finding could have been due to chance and many of the symptoms endorsed could have been related to other diseases ( Kendall-Tackett Marshall, 1999). Additional limitations include the failure to differentiate between the types of abuse endured and the use of a non-empirically validated measure to gather data. Furthermore, the researchers did not specify which type of diabetes the participants were diagnosed with and did not indicate the severity of the disease.Data from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE), however, found alternative results. Researchers Felliti, Anda, Nordenberg, Williamson, Spitz, Edwards, Koss, and mark (1998) mailed questionnaires about adverse childhood experiences to 9,508 adults who had completed a standardize medical evaluation at a large HMO in California. It was found that abuse and other types of household dysfunction were significantly related to the number of disease conditions, with the exception of diabetes. Specifically, when those who had experienced multiple forms of childhood maltreatment were compared to those with no experiences, the odds-ratio fo r the presence of diabetes was a non-significant 1.6 (Felliti et al., 1998). The researchers believe that their estimates of the long-term relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult health are conservative. Specifically, it is likely that, consistent with well-documented longitudinal follow-up studies, that reports of childhood abuse were underestimated due to the premature death rate in persons with multiple adverse childhood exposures (Felliti et al., 1998).Similarly, in a sample of 1,359 community-dwelling men and women aged 50 years or older, Stein and Barrett-Connor (2000) found no relationship between sexual assault history in participants lifetime and reported rates of diabetes. Rather, a history of sexual assault was associated with an increased risk of arthritis and breast cancer in women and thyroid disease in men (Stein Barrett-Connor, 2000). In this study, the researchers posit that the possibility of response twine is a major limitation. Namely, Ste in and Barrett-Connor (2000) consider the likelihood that previously assaulted respondents have a greater tendency to visit doctors, conduct to the increased opportunities for health conditions to be detected. Additional limitations include the lack of consideration for other types of abuse encountered in childhood.The Link between Childhood Maltreatment and DiabetesThe above findings provide support for the hypothesis that childhood maltreatment may be associated with increased likelihood of the diagnosis of a medical condition, with the inclusion of diabetes in some studies. An essential question posed by this observation is by what mechanisms are adverse childhood experiences linked to health risk behaviors and adult diseases? A number of researchers have found that psychological stress, in particular, has been associated with the onset of Type II diabetes. This impact of stress on the etiology and course of Type II diabetes can be considered via the metabolic pathways by means of obesity and/or energizing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the gene-environment interaction, and the correlation of coping with diabetes and stressors.The stress response is a physiological coping response that involves the HPA axis, the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter system, and then insubordinate system. There is growing evidence that victims of various forms of abuse and stressors often experience biological changes, particularly in the neuroendocrine system implicated in the stress response, as well as the brain (Glaser, 2000 Goenjian, Pynoos, Steinberg, Endres, Abraham, Geffner, Fairbanks, 2003 King, Mandansky, King, Fletcher, Brewer, 2001 McEwen, 2000). The HPA axis is the primary mechanism studied in the literature on the neurobiology of stress and is estimated through the non-invasive measurement of cortisol in saliva samples. During psychological stress, cortisol is elevated beyond normal levels in response to adrenocorticotropic h ormone from the pituitary, mobilizing energy stores, and facilitating behavioral responses to threat (Diseases, 2006). In the presence of prolonged stress, especially in which the individual has difficulty coping, this physiological response may occur to an atypical extent and prove harmful. Dienstbier (1989) asserts that prolonged and/or extreme stress can create a vicious cycle of pathology, as individuals with a history of abuse may become even more vulnerable in the face of new victimization because they become threat-sensitized, resulting in either an over- or under-reaction of the HPA system to new stressors. As Vaillancourt, Duku, Decatanzaro, Macmillan, Muir, and Schmidt (2008) cite, this process is best illustrated by Cicchetti and Rogoschs (2001) study of maltreated children attending a summer day camp. These authors found that in comparison to non-abused children, children who had been both sexually and physically abused, in addition to emotionally maltreated or neglected , exhibited higher morning cortisol levels, whereas a subgroup of children who had only been physically abused exhibited lower levels.Recent evidence suggests that increased cortisol concentrations may contribute to the prevalence of metabolic syndromes, such as Type II diabetes. For example, in their assessment of 190 Type II diabetic patients who volunteered from a population study of 12,430 in suburban Germany, Oltmanns, Dodt, Schultes, Raspe, Schweiger, Born, Fehm, and Peters (2006), sought to assess the relationship between diabetes-associated metabolic disturbances and cortisol concentrations in patients with Type II diabetes. The target population comprised of men and women born between 1939 and 1958 who completed a postal questionnaire about their health status. Results demonstrated that in patients with Type II diabetes, those with the highest cortisol profiles had higher glucose levels and blood pressures (Oltmanns et al., 2006). Their findings suggest that HPA axis activi ty may play a role in the development of Type II diabetes-associated metabolic disturbances. Cartmell (2006) proposes a model by which this may occur. Namely, high levels of cortisol decreases metabolism of glucose and increase mobilization and metabolism of fecunds. This lessen metabolism of glucose contributes to increased blood glucose levels. Furthermore, increased blood fat levels contribute to insulin resistance. This increase level of blood glucose and fats are characteristic symptoms of diabetes (Cartmell, 2006).Researchers Chiodini, Adda, Scillitani, Colleti, Morelli, Di Lembo, Epaminonda, Masserini, Beck-Peccoz, Orsi, Ambrosi, and Arosio (2007) extended the literature by studying HPA axis secretion of cortisol and chronic diabetic complications. An evaluation was conducted on HPA activity in a sample of 117 Type II diabetic patients with and without chronic complications and in a sample of 53 non-diabetic patients at a hospital in Italy. Chiodini et al. (2007) found that in diabetic subjects without chronic complications, HPA axis activity was comparable with that of non-diabetic patients, whereas in diabetic subjects with chronic complications, cortisol level was increased in respect to both diabetic subjects and control subjects. Though the design of their study did not look for a cause-effect relationship, Chiodini et al. (2007) purport that higher levels of cortisol, either due to a constitutive HPA axis activation or secondary to a chronic stress condition, may predispose an individual to the development of chronic diabetic complications.Type II diabetes is now a well- recognise syndrome characteristic of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (Sridhar Madhu, 2001). One theory that purports the biological plausibility of a stress-diabetes association has been formulated by Swiss researcher, Dr. Per Bjrntorp. Bjrntorp (1997) postulated that stress could be responsible for sympathetic nervous system activati on, hormone abnormalities, and obesity. This theory states that perceived psychological stress with a defeatist or helplessness reaction leads to an activation of the HPA axis. This in turn results in endocrine abnormalities, including increased cortisol and decreased sex steroid levels that disrupt the actions of insulin. In addition, this hormonal imbalance causes nonrational adiposity, which plays an important role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease by impart to the development of insulin resistance (Cartmell, 2006).Researchers of The Hoorn Study described above tested Bjrntorps theory and found only partial support (Mooy et al., 2000). Specifically, the accumulation of visceral fat did not seem to be the major mediating factor between stress and diabetes and fasting insulin concentration, which is an approximation of insulin resistance, was not higher in the individuals in their sample who had experienced more stressful events.Study SignificanceThe significance of this stu dy is its potential to provide medical practitioners with information regarding the impact of past psychosocial factors, such as childhood maltreatment, on the current physical health of Type II diabetics. Diabetes and its complications affect a significant portion of the United States population and has become the fifth leading cause of death in the state (Florida Department of Health, 2008). As researchers continue to look for the cause(s) of diabetes and methods to treat, prevent, or cure the disorder, it is life-sustaining that practitioners take a holistic and comprehensive approach to assessing the diabetics life. As long as abuse and other potentially damaging experiences in childhood contribute to the development of risk factors, then these childhood exposures should be recognized as the basic causes of morbidity and mortality in adult life (Felliti et al., 1998). Major limitations of past literature include lack of specificity of type of diabetes, family history, and self -reported diabetes without data on physiological measures. In addition to replication, future studies should include exact studies on diabetes-type, a ruling-out of serious medical conditions that could potentially act as confounds, and identify maltreatment subtypes experienced.This study aims to uncover a relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult physical health, namely with Type II diabetes, so as to assist with screening and intervention. If doctors caring for adults who suffer from a medical condition associated with diabetes are unaware of this relationship, they will neither obtain early maltreatment history nor make appropriate patient referrals leading to higher health care utilization and poorer outcomes (Arnow, 2004 Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, Carnes, 2003).Research Questions and HypothesesThis study aims to perform the following questions Is a history of childhood maltreatment associated with diabetes-related quality of life? If so, is a decrease in diabetes- related quality of life associated with an increase in the types of childhood maltreatment experienced? It is hypothesized that the more types of abuse endured during childhood (i.e. physical, emotional, and/or sexual, neglect, and/or the witnessing of family violence), the more chronic and severe an individuals diabetes will be and the greater impact of their illness on their reported quality of life.MethodParticipantsData will be collected from individuals with Type II diabetes, recruited from psychiatric practices placed in Plant City and Tampa, Florida. Participants will be recruited from these sites due to likelihood that patients receiving psychiatric care have a history of childhood maltreatment. Participants will be included in the study if they are aged 40 and older, as non-insulin dependent diabetes appears after this age. Participants will be excluded fro

Changes to the Concept of Mass Audience

Changes to the Concept of Mass listeningIs the predilection of the mass interview becoming increasingly redundant as tonic intercourses technologies much(prenominal) as the cyber topographic point and inter make outive tv develop.In order to understand whether the purpose of the mass audience is still influential, with adherence to un utilize communications such as the meshing and interactive TV, angiotensin converting enzyme will first need to get it on the meaning attached to the concept of mass audience theory. Blumer (1950) argues that mass audience theory can be described in four parts. Firstly, the mass audience may cut from each walks of life, and from on the whole distinguishable social strata it may include multitude of different class position, of different vocation, of different cultural attainment, and of different wealthiness etc.Secondly, the mass is an anonymous group, or much exactly is serene of anonymous persons (he means anonymous in the sens e that un exchangeable the citizens of primarily communities, the pack who argon members of the mass audience for the media do non k presently each other). Thirdly, on that point exists little interaction or change of cognise in the midst of members of the mass. They argon usually physically separated from unrivaled a nonher, and, macrocosm anonymous, do not have the opportunity to mill as do members of the crowd. Fourth, the mass is very broadly speaking organised and is not able to act with the concertedness or unity of a crowd. His statement was five years after(prenominal) the second world war.This was during and after a period when the media was expenditured as propaganda, through films, radio, and poster art that they had attempted to persuade mass audiences to deliver the goods their policies, in which to the critics of the time it is not surprising that the media must have seemed like a dangerous weapon in the wrong hands, capable of persuading millions to obey evil men. The concept of the mass audience is essential to our understanding of the media. It is the public in whose name programs ar do and laws be passed. It is the commodity that supports moneymaking(prenominal) publicizeing. It is the arna in which the effects of mass communications are contend out. It is the endue where the meanings and pleasures of media use are ultimately actualized. The audience, in short, is the foundation of the medias economic and cultural power, whereby, without it, the entire enterprise has very little purpose, Webster and Phalen (1997). The idea of an audience is common to both academic theory and industry practice.As McQuail (2005) puts it, it is one of the few borders which can be shared without obstacle by media practitioners and theorists alike. In most cases the audience is conceptualized as a large, loosely connected mass on the receiving end of the media. In addition to this there are sufficient reasons to wonder whether the term a udience is still a useful one, especially as there are so galore(postnominal) kinds of use of many different communications media. The term audience cannot tardily be divested of its plastered connotation of spectatorship, of rather passive watching and listening. It is as well as closely tied in meaning to the reception of some message despite the particular that we know audience behaviour to involve some(prenominal) equally important motives or satisfactions, for example, social togetherness and the pleasures of actual use of a median(a), regardless of content.Despite this, there seems to be no viable election term, and so it will be use to cover diverse occasions. In addition, Livingston (2002) comes to a similar conclusion, noting that no one term can be expected to cover the compartmentalization of relationships which now exist between flock and the media. She to a fault adds that what is central is the nature of the relationship, rather than an artificial concept. With this in opinion one will move on to talk round the harshness of the concept of the mass audience becoming redundant as upstart communication technologies such as the meshing and interactive TV develop. Now, engineering science can be said to be one of the greatest challenges to the media in recent years, and one that will intensify further in the twenty-first century. Its electromotive force impact on the form and content of media output, the processes through which media messages are produced and consumed, and on the role of the media in ball club is bound to escalate to a level never seen before. Such challenges are not recent as the history of the mass media is a history of technological development with sonorous social consequences and implications at every stage. There are all the same, strong thousand for believing that contemporary media are undergoing particularly dramatic technologically goaded change, heralded by a qualitative new phase in the lasts of a dvanced capitalism.This is a time that will be characterized by media interactivity, handiness and diversity, with new thawdoms for the audiences (or the consumer) McNair (1996). It will also be the era of universally purchasable cyberporn, breeding overload, and the decline or disappearance of some traditional media. Cyberporn for example, is one big issue which has prompted some politicians and other interested parties to be demoralised about the impact of these new technologies on the quality of cultural life. The net which is also cognise as the information superhighway through which information can be passed at an un contributented rate, is a new medium which is currently having a strong impact on the production and expenditure (mass audience) of the media. The internet links millions of individual users and networks by satellite and cable, offering vex to the population broad Web mainly used by commercial organizations and Usenet, a network for private individuals or ganized into thousands of newsgroups. These facilities can be used for publicise and promotion (including that of university departments, many of which now have a Web page profiling their activities) for on-line publishing of the type discussed introductory in the raillery of print media and for communication between individuals by e-mail. The latter maybe used for the circulation of data by researchers (for example, one could subscribe to a Latin American based services supplying up-to-date information about the Latin American media) or for a two way communication between geographically disparate users with a common interest.As the internet develops and the stand becomes to a greater extent sophisticated it has become routine for virtual conversations to take place in cyberspace involving many individuals sending and receiving messages almost as readily as if they were in the same room. The power of the internet was first present during the San Francisco earthquake of Januar y 1994, when it was used to send out the first information about the disaster, beating CNN and other news organizations to the Scoop. But the significance of the internet for media culture goes beyond that of another leap in the speed of information dissemination. It constitutes an entirely new medium, harnessing the vast information-handling electromotive force of modern computers, now easily social to the mass consumer market as well as the traditional scientific and industrial users, and the distributive power of cable and satellite delivery systems. The internet presents a further, and to date the most radical dissolution of the barriers of time and space which have constrained human communication since after the Second World War. Speculation about what the Internet will do for and to human society abounds. From one perspective, which we might describe as utopian the Internet does therefore herald the emergence of a true global village, a merciful virtual community accessibl e to anyone with a computer terminal and a knowledge of how to use it. This perspective underscorees the accessibility and interactivity of the new medium the fact that it allows ordinary people to communicate across continents at the pressing of a return key on the keyboard of the computer, at relatively low comprise (by comparison with telephone and fax), on all different types of issues and subjects.The internet is not owned by any state or multi case company, and no state or company can hear its use. The internets relative freedom from the commercial and political constraints which have accompanied all preliminary communicative media, combined with its accessibility and interactivity, censorship, regulation, and commercialization like no other. Another view is to see the internet as the latest in a long line of dehumanizing technological developments, producing a population of computer-nerds who, if they are not watching TV or fiddling with their play stations, are addictive ly surfing the Net. The internet can be said to encourage not communication but isolation, in which one talks not to real people, but disembodied screens. In addition to this, the cost of buying and owning a PC or laptop is rather expensive for countries whose economies are still developing. Most people in these countries would not be able to consecrate to buy and own a PC or a laptop. Hence, although it is a very useful medium used by people in the developed countries, it will take sometime before a to a greater extent than average percentage of the general populis becomes aware of the major advantages of the use of the internet. In most counties in the UK for example, there are libraries that provide free internet services for certain duration of time.However, most people tend to use the internet for personalized e-mail services and searching for items and services. These are not accessible through the traditional forms of the media (i.e. newspapers, brochures, etc). Concerns ab out the implications of the internet are frequently based on a fear of its anarchic, uncontrollable character, precisely the qualities welcomed by its most enthusiastic advocates. The internet, it is argued, provides an uncensorable platform for the dissemination of all kinds of antisocial messages. For example, in the US newsgroups are devoted to the propaganda of extreme right-wing, pro-gun militias. Cyberporn as earlier mentioned is also cited, particularly in relation to children and teenaged people. In July 1995, Time magazine devoted the bulk of an issue, and its cover, to the problem of cyberporn Elmer-Dewitt (1995). The cover depicted a young boy, face reflecting the green light of a computer terminal, his eyes wide open with amazement. The article warned that Usenet and Worldwide Web networks were being used to lot vulgarism all over the world, including as the cover illustration made clear to children and young adults. The material being distributed was of the most ex treme kind. Rimm (1995) argues that computers and modems are profoundly redefining the pornographic landscape by saturating the market with an endless variety of what only a decade ago mainstream America defined as perverse or deviant. Cyberporn does illustrate the threat posed by the internet, as seen by some.To a greater extent than is true with traditional forms of disseminating pornography to the mass audience (and this applies to all morally or legally authorise information), the internet permits a private mode of consumption (no need for shamed browsing among the top shelves) it is user-friendly, allowing a high degree of selection and weft for anyone familiar with the system and it is free of censorship, respecting no community standards or national boundaries. As McNair (1996) puts it, traditional means of regulating and restricting pornography are useless on the Net. And as children and young people are known to be among the most frequent and adept users of the Internet, cyberporn thus emerges as a serious threat to new generations. Moral chaos and anarchy without the control of legislators does harbour information overload which acknowledges the inherent difficulty in appalling traditional constraints on the medium. The key issue here is whether the internet is a print medium, which enjoys strong protection against government interference, or a channelise medium which enjoys strong protection against government interference, or a deal medium, which enjoys strong protection against government interference, or a broadcast medium, which may be subject to all sorts of government interference, or a broadcast medium, which may be subject to all sorts of government control Elmer Dewitt (1995). The internet is neither print nor broadcasting, but a qualitatively new medium, to which naturalized means of exerting control are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to apply.It still be to be seen if the global community (and it would have to be a rattli ng global effort) can agree on standards of taste and decency for the Internet which are both enforceable and acceptable to the growing population of users. According to the BBC (2004), new technologies and services are increasing the choice available to audiences and transferring power from schedulers and broadcasters. macrocosm sector broadcasting (PSB) providers will have to work much harder in future to persuade audiences to access their material and build brands across a variety of platforms. They also add that fragmentation of audiences and the growth of digital idiot box are posing new challenges for public service broadcasters. BBC (2004) do hint that changes in technology are also creating new and potentially more than effective ways of meeting the needs of audiences in the nations, regions and localities. The BBC also accepts a responsibility to explore partnerships with other broadcasters designed to sustain the wider PSB ecology. The BBC is currently active in discu ssions with Channel 4 about a number of potential areas of co-operation. These range from sharing R D and technology advances in new media services, through co-operating on international distribution, to options for pooling technical infrastructure, back-office functions and training. In the same solvent by the BBC they argue that there is mounting evidence that regional tv may be insufficiently local to meet the needs of some communities, having been hindered for decades by technology, topography and patterns of transmitters. This response by the BBC to Ofcoms palingenesis also states that many viewing audience would prefer more local news to the current model of regional provision. In their view, it is important to consider new ways of harnessing digital TV technology and broadband distribution, rather than simply replicating the traditional model of regional opt-outs. McQuail, Blumler and Brown (1972) published results of research into the goals served by media use, not for society, but for media users.They presume media and content choice to be rational and directed to specific goals and satisfactions. Audience members are conscious of the fact that they make choices. In general these choices, or personal utility as McQuail calls it, are a more evidentiary determinant of audience formation than aesthetic or cultural factors. each(prenominal) these factors they assumed could be measured. They do, offer an explanation of media-person interaction, which lists diversion, personal relationships, personal identity operator and surveillance (or information seeking) goals. McQuail in general was critical of this with regard to his earlier work and suggests that social origins and ongoing experience are important in understanding audience and media relations, which fell outside the initial behaviourist and functionalist leanings of the research. These however are not so easily measured. Social origins, any persons class background, for example, can be tra nslated into quantitative terms (as more or less formal and informal schooling), but ongoing experience may, for any one person, take a multitude of forms that need not even relate directly to one another from what one learns from an individual film or article in a magazine, to witnessing everyday racial discrimination or parental neglect in the street, to boredom doing a romp that has seemed so exciting. Theoretically, uses and gratifications never really develops.It is impossible to establish whether uses indeed precede gratifications in time, or whether gratifications are legitimized by inventing uses. If the latter is the case, the uses and gratifications model cannot free us from the dominant paradigm we are still seduced by the media, to such an extent even that we invent needs for what is basically imposed on us by capitalism (commercial media) or paternalist nation-state (PSB). It is also important to stress that gratificationist research as it has also been called, was no t initially understood to be a mainstream or hidebound approach to media and society. On the contrary, it appeared to break with a tradition of only looking at effects (mass communication research) or at texts (such as the film criticism of the British journal Screen) in order to shut down something about audiences. Gratifications research at least asked people and made them part of the media meaning society equation.It is only when gratificationaist research is used as a spearhead in debates about the possible convergence of quantitative and qualitative traditions in media research (the first seen as conservative and mainstream, the second as its challenger), that media critics such as Ang (1989) offer a strong defence of ethnographic regularity against individualistic quantitative research and of taking a closer look at what we mean by the term active audience. Ang (1989) argue that it is basically impossible to bring the two traditions in mass communication research together . The social scientists who work with quantitative method in uses and gratifications research and have here been labelled mainstream may superficially be seen to use the same terms the critical researchers use, but this does not mean that the two have consensus over the way in which the aim of study needs to be conceptualized, or infact over the goals and aims of science or social research as an enterprise.CONCLUSION One can conclude here that neither the optimistic nor pessimistic views described above match a realistic appraisal of the Internets significance for media culture. Certainly, as the utopian perspective asserts, the internet permits a qualitatively new level of communication between human beings, and hitherto unimagined access to all kinds of information. But the resulting global village can be no more benign than the individuals who use it, and the materials sent down its superhighways and byways. The Internet, like all previous developments in communication technolo gy is destined to reflect the best and the mop up that humanity has to offer. It will continue to evade state censorship and compulsory moral regulation, undeniably a good thing, but it will certainly be subject to a creeping commercialization, as its economic potential becomes clear in which the mass audience will play a major role in this revolution. This process has already begun, and will step on it in the twenty-first century. One will also add that nonparallel waves of information revolution from the invention of the printing press to film and television, and now cyberspace have each presented problems of control and regulation for legislators in the UK and around the world, problems of adaptation and restructuring for the media industries new challenges and temptations for audiences.REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHYAng, I., (1989), Wanting audiences, On the politics of empirical audience research, in E. Seiter, H. Borchers, G. Kreutzner and E. Warth (eds) Remote Control, Televi sion, Audiences and Cultural Power, London Routledge, pp. 79 95.Blumer, H., (1950), Audiences and Media Effects, An introduction.Briggs, A., and Cobley, P., (2002), The Media An Introduction, 2nd edition, Pearson Longman.BBC (2004), Ofcom review of public service television broadcasting Phase 2 Report, November, A BBC Response.Berger, A.A., (1995), Essentials of Mass Communication. Elmer-Dewitt, P., (1995), On a screen near you cyberporn, Time, July.Hay, J., Grossberg, L., and Wartella, E., (1996), The audience and its landscape.Livingston, S., (2002), new-fashioned people and New media, London Sage.McNair, B., (1996), Mediated Sex, London Arnold.McQuail, D., (2005), Mass communication theory.McQuail, D., Blumler, J., and Brown, J., (1972), The television audience, a revised perspective, in D. McQuail (ed.), Sociology of Mass Communication, Harmondsworth Penguin, pp. 135 165.Rimm, M., (1995), market pornorgraphy on the information superhighway, (on-line version), first publish ed in George town practice of law Journal Spring.Whelan, P., and Webster, J.G., (1997), The mass audience Rediscovering the dominant model.www.ofcom.org.uk

Benefits of Flexible Working Hours

Benefits of flexile f grims Hours6. Literature Review6.1 DefinitionsJanssen and Nachreiner (2004) defined negotiable rifleing Hours as involving a continuous choice on behalf of employers, employees or two, regarding the amount (chronometry) and the temporal statistical distribution (chronology) or running(a) minutes.Arrangements that on the wholeow employees to take a to a greater extent variable quantity archive as opposed to complying with the exemplification 8-hour accomplishment solar twenty-four hour stop consonant (Janssen and Nachreiner, 2004)According to the comment of Handbook on Alternative lop Schedules, ductile hours ar referred to as the magazines during the mildew solar day, buy the farmweek, or pay period deep down the tour of bank line during which an employee covered by a compromising realise schedule whitethorn choose to vary his or her dates of arrival to and departure from the practice site consistent with the duties and requirements of the position. flexile operative hours is also defined as a scheme of attendance whereby person employees select their chicken feeding and conclusion cartridge holders from day to day, subject to the concurrence of the grow unit in which they consort and to specified conditions. A system in which employees screw start or stop get to at different hours of the morning or evening pass ond that they run a certain sum of hours per day or week (http//www.hrdictionary.com/definition/ limber- operative-hours.html).According to the definition of Technical staff, S go forthhern tail University, fictile operative hours ar educate schedule in which employees outho white plague use their own discretion as to the fourth dimension on the farm out as tenacious as they complete the specified subprogram of hours deep down a act upon period that is, genius month, wholeness week, or one day (Barker, 1999).It is a system of operative a set second of hours with the startl e and finishing sequences chosen within agreed limits by the employee (www.oxfordreference.com)Christensen and Staines (1990) defined this as an collection provides employees with some limited discretion as to the starting and stopping times for their counterfeit day, while requiring a standard number of hours to be behaveed within a given time period. elastic works hours refers to the practice by employers of drop by the waysideing employees to vary their attendance pattern. Variation is normally in terms of start and finish times, as well as hours per day. Flexible works hours are very much referred to as flexi time. Employees functional tensile hours are able to use flexi time credit to take time off without reducing other leave credits. Flexible operative(a) hours are usually subject to a number of operating rules (Transport strategy, Adecision makers guide book).Flexible operative hours are also defined as functional time arrangements allowing a continuous choice regarding the term and the temporal distribution of working time for both the employee and the employer (http//www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2006/05/DE0605NU4.htm).A simple deviation from the standard working time is not seen as sufficient for a distinction. The definition intends to eject shorter but regular working time arrangements such as under utilize work or deviating but regular working hours such as convert work (http//www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2006/05/DE0605NU04.htm).6.2 Why supple working hours are use?Flexible working conditions are becoming much and more commons within modern economies, and in some countries legislation has been introduced enabling certain groups of employees to prayer fictile working. For example, Scandinavian countries in particular grant extensive fictile working right hands, such as parental leave, flexitime and other family friendly nourishment to employees (Brandth, 2001).Flexible working arrangements are more and more offered b y organizations in show to abide competitive with the enlisting and retention of top playing employees. These arrangements aim to be a win/win situation for the organization, by way of increased productivity and loyalty, and for the employee through work life benefits.The inlet of pliable working allows employees to suck great control over their work life balance, and can act as an important tool in the organizations recruitment and retention process. Flexible working is one device that employers can use to attract a more diverse workforce, allowing them to compete in the war for talent( Management Brief Report).Some forms of bendable working schedules such as part-time work, force work weeks, annualized hours, and flexitime have a long history and have conventionally been introduced largely to strike employer require for tractability or to keep costs down, though they whitethorn also have met employee needs and demands (Dalton Mesch, 1990).These and other pliable a rrangements are also introduced ostensibly to meet employee needs for tensileness to integrate work and family demands under the banner of so-called family-friendly employment policies (Harker, 1996 Lewis Cooper, 1995). Often a business case argument has been utilize to support the ad weft of pliable work arrangements that is, a focus on the cost benefits (Barnett Hall, 2001). Other contemporary drivers of change include increased accent mark on high-trust working practices and the thrust toward gender equity and greater opportunities for working at root word because of newfangled technology (Evans 2000). Nevertheless, despite much magniloquence intimately the importance of challenging outmoded forms of work and the dawdling fellowship of whippy working arrangements with leading-edge employment practice (Friedman Greenhaus, 2000), the implementation of these policies remains patchy across organizations (Glass Estes, 1997).Since 2003 the right to request flexible work ing conditions has been granted to all UK employees with children aged less than six familys or to those with caring responsibilities (BERR 2008). This right has recently been extended to employees with children aged up to 16 years (BERR, 2009). many another(prenominal) of these legislative changes have been explicitly or implicitly underpinned by the arrogance that flexible working will have incontrovertible transactions on employee adaptability, exploit (Artazcoz 2005), work-life balance and health (MacEachen 2008).In a number of low and middle-income countries flexible working hours is a relatively new concept which tends to be restricted to large multi-national companies.Paul Ashton, mobility solutions support manager at Logsys, discusses the work anywhere, anytime, on any device implications of flexible working. Following the introduction of new UK legislation in April 2003 with regards to offering employees with young or disabled children flexible working options, there h ave been massive developments in the way in which organisations operate. Two years on, the ideas behind flexible working are nonoperational cosmos discussed, experimented with and tentatively accepted throughout the UK. At the forefront of this faeces is the objective of providing employees with a suitable work/life balance and describe to its success is supporting this through achieving more profitable business practices. Flexible working is all most working in real time. It is almost mobilizing work forces and giving individuals the freedom and ability to work any time, anywhere, development any device. It is about enterprise-wide recover to information, applications and entropy and the ability to utilize these items as and when they are needed. For employees it content home working abilities and potentially improved work/life balance. It should also mean easier working, more nucleusive methods and processes, and the ability to work smarter to achieve more. For employer s it means maximizing efficiency to achieve more through the same resources. It means improved employee retention and improved dishs for customers- which in turn means increased competitiveness and greater profitability.6.3 Kinds of flexible hour work practiceFlexible work arrangements can take on a frame of characteristics, ranging from staggered working hours to remote, off-site work areas. Within the Flexible work arrangements themselves, employers often provide additional tractableness (e.g., selecting the time of day when staggered working hours begin) and/or offer various options for Flexible work arrangements in order to provide even greater flexibility to their workforces (www.clc.executiveboard.com).Compressed working weeksAny system of fixed working hours more than 8 hours in length which results in a work week of less than 5 full days of work a week (Tepas,1985). This standard definition includes the most unadorned examples with 9, 10 or12 hours a day, and a normal r egular working week of 36 to 42 hours. Twelve-hour shifts are particularly controversial.In recent years, as Hoekstra, Jansen Van Goudoever (1994) report for the Netherlands, there has been increasing variety in working patterns. The compressed working week is one of the many possible arrangements for working hours. This increasing variety can be attributed to the craving for greater flexibility in working hours.Tepas (1985) have listed the potential advantages of the compressed workweek as followsIncreased possibility for multi-day off-the-job leisure and condole with exertionA reduction in commuting problems and costsFewer work days with no loss of payA regular, steady workweekEase in covering all jobs at the required timesMore time for plan meetings or training sessionsIncreased opportunity for communication within the organizationIncreased opportunity for communication with other organizationsDecrease in start-up and/or warm-up expensesFewer supervisory personnel may be ne ededMore efficient stock flow for assembly-line operationsless(prenominal) night workIncreased production ratesImprovement in the quantity or caliber of function to the publicBetter opportunities to apply skilled workers in tight labour marketsFlexi timeRonen (1981) described Flextime (also called flexible working hours) as a type of flexible work arrangement that allows employees to vary their work schedules, within certain ranges and dimensions, according to their differing needs (). foreign other flexible work arrangements, flextime focuses exclusively on the work schedule and does not alter the location of work or the total number of hours worked. Although there is no real standard work schedule, the traditional workday is defined as a forty-hour week, from 900 a.m. to 500 p.m., Monday through Friday (Catalyst, 1997).Flextime allows employees to blend in from the standard work schedule by starting the work day early and ending early, starting late and ending late, or fetch ing breaks during the day and making up the time at the beginning or end of the day. Some flextime options allow employees to work extra hours on one day to make up for shortened hours on another day.Golembiewski and Proehl, (1978) and Christensen and Staines (1990) have been identified several key dimensions of flextime, such as aggregate hours (the workaday hours during which employees must be at work), bandwidth (the earliest and latest starting and stopping times to which employees can adjust their schedules) and schedule flexibility, which is the ability to change starting and stopping times from day to day and week to week without forward approval from supervisors.A written report by Hill, Hawkins, Ferris and Weitzman (2001) found that sensed flexibility in the timing and location of work was verificatoryly relate to work-family balance, and that the greater the extent of such flexibility, the more the employees were able to work a greater number of hours without harmin g their work-family balance. Another shoot found a direct effect of flextime on work-family difference of opinion (Shinn, Wong, Simko, Ortiz-Torres, 1989).Several studies have found that flextime is related to outcomes adviseive of work-family conflict. For example, Ralston (1989) found that employees were better able to juggle work and family demands after flextime was use and Bohen Viveros-Long (1981) found that flextime trendd tautness among parents. Thomas Ganster (1995) found that flextime was directly related to sensed control over work and family, and it was indirectly related to work-family conflict.Annual-hours contractsannual-hours contracts are contracts of employment where the total hours to be worked in a twelve-month period are specified, or else than the weekly hours. This provides employers with the flexibility to devise a shift system to ensure continuous operations. Traditionally annualized hours were adopted in the manufacturing sector, but increasingl y it is a popular system for organizing work time in the service sector, especially where twenty-four-hour, seven-day-week services are provided (http//www.jrank.org/business/pages/39/annual-hours-contracts).Job assignJob sharing is an arrangement where two or more employees piece of land the duties and responsibilities of a single full time job. Each job partaker has broadly the same responsibilities, although their contractual terms and conditions of employment may differ.Job-sharing is common now across a range of occupations, including professions such as GPs, accountants and managers. This is an option that women may prefer as a way of returning to work after maternity leave. The employer benefits as it retains valuable skills within the organization, encourages retention and often results in greater productivity (www.clc.executiveboard.com).Self rosteringFlexible rostering is where each rostering period is planned individually (typically 4 -6 weeks at a time). cant overs ar e allocated on the home of manning requirements which reflect anticipated demand patterns, as well as myriad other rostering parameters, including staffs preferences for off-duty (Silvestro Silvestro, 2000).Thornthwaite Sheldon (2004) described that employee self-rostering systems enable individual employees to tailor working hours to maximise their compatibility with domestic responsibilities. Such rosters would allow employees to choose to work mornings, afternoons or school hours only, or some combination of different hours each day.Self-rostering means that a group of employees make work schedules by themselves. This is based on a company time frame determined by the employer in which the quantitative and qualitative demands have to be met. By designing the work schedules, the employees determine their own starting and ending time duration of their services and are supposed to create a dialogue to synchronize the individual wishes with the requirements set by the employer (Z eggenschap, 2008).Part time workEmployees with a part-time work arrangement typically follow one of the following schedulesWork a reduced number of hours per day, five days per weekWork eight hours per day, less than five days per weekEmployers are increasingly providing part-time employees with many of the same benefits provided to full-time workers particularly smaller employers that regard to attract candidates but do not need many full-time workers.As with flextime, some submits mandate that part-time work be purchasable for women returning to work after a pregnancy (www.clc.executiveboard.com).6.4 Benefits of flexible hours working arrangement.Both employees and employers alike can benefit through the utilization of flexible work practices. Flexible work arrangements can help to improve recruitment and retention, assist in managing workloads and in boosting employee satisfaction. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), U.K. guidelines for employers and employees state th at flexible working opportunities benefit everyone employers, employees and their families (www.dti.gov.uk, Flexible Working).For individuals, the opportunity to work flexibly can greatly improve the ability to balance home and work responsibilities. The DTI guidelines provide examples of the following flexible working schemesAnnualized hours describes working time unionized on the basis of the number of hours to be worked over a year rather than a week usually to fit in with peaks and troughs of work. put up will depend on the hours worked each pay period.Compressed hours allow individuals to work their total number of agreed hours over a shorter period. For example, employees magnate work their full weekly hours over four, rather than five, days. They would be pay for a full-time job but would not receive extra time payments for any agreed extra hours worked during a day.Flexi time gives employees choice about their actual working hours, usually outside certain agreed core time s. Individuals are paid for the hours that they work.Home-working doesnt have to be on a full-time basis and it may suit an employee to divide their time mingled with home and office. Individuals are paid according to the hours that they work. Employers are required to carry out a risk assessment of the activities undertaken by home-workers, identifying any hazards and deciding whether large steps have been taken to prevent harm to them or anyone else who may be affected by the work.Job-sharing typically involves two throng employed on a part-time basis while working unitedly to cover a full-time job. Both receive pay for the hours they work.Shift working gives employers the scope to have their business open for longer periods than an eight-hour day. hold flexible working arrangements may lead to a shift grant payment not being required.Staggered hours allow employees to start and finish their day at different times. Pay depends on hours worked in total rather than the time at which they were worked.Term-time working allows employees to take unpaid leave of absence during the school holidays.Bond et al, (2005) The Families and Work Institute report, When Work Works, states that employees who are provided with flexibility in their work are more potential toBe occupied in their jobs and perpetrate to helping their company succeedIntend to remain with their current employer and, Feel snug with their jobs.The positive work-life balance effects of flexible working are probably the best known and most oft cited advantages. Aiming for a greater balance between demands from within and outside the work is often the driver for individuals to seek such arrangements. The interplay between employee welfare, work-life balance and performance brings into play factors such as organizational cargo, enthusiasm, energy and satisfaction.Flexible working arrangements, such as flexitime and teleworking, are becoming more common in industrialized countries but the enco unters of such flexibility on employee health and wellbeing are largely unknown. Several studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of employee-negotiated flexible working on health and wellbeing, such as reduced stress and stress-related illnesses, reduced sickness absence and improved work-life balance, including time spent with children and married satisfaction (MacEachen 2008).Kerry et al (2010) examined the health and wellbeing effects of flexible working arrangements which favour the worker as well as those dictated by the employer (for example, fixed-term contracts or mandatory overtime). The findings of this redirect examination tentatively suggest that flexible working interventions that increase worker control and choice (such as self-scheduling or gradual/partial retirement) are likely to have a positive effect on health outcomes, including improvements in physical health (reduced systolic profligate pressure and heart rate), mental health (e.g. reduced psychologic al stress) and commonplace health (e.g. tiredness and sleep quality) measures. Importantly, interventions which increased worker flexibility were not associated with any adverse health effects in the short term. In contrast, interventions that were motivated or dictated by organizational interests, such as fixed-term contract and involuntary part-time employment, found equivocal or prejudicial health effects.Kandolin (1996) describe significant reductions in tiredness during the night shift when comparing intervention and control group participants. Smith (1998) demonstrated improvements in mental health, sleep quality on day shift, sleep duration on night shift and alertness during night shift in the intervention group compared with the comparison group. Viitasalo (2008) found statistically significant decreases in systolic blood pressure and heart rate for workers with flexible scheduling compared with those in the control group.A study which was performed by Cranfield Universi ty, found that the transcendent expectation that the employee who is better able to integrate work and non-work will produce enhanced wellbeing. Indirectly, this positive association impacts on performance, with employees in a maven repaying their organization with improved levels of motivation and drive.Some employees who had become accustomed to working flexibly expressed unwillingness to move back to a more traditional pattern, linking their flexible arrangement to reduced pressure and stress.There was enormous evidence of individuals adapting their working arrangement over time to meet both changing job demands and evolving demands from the home, and great value was placed on the in the flesh(predicate) control to meet needs from both domains which was afforded by their flexible working pattern. So flexibility is highly valued, but does not remain nonoperational over time (www.workingfamilies.org.uk).Stress is linked to wellbeing and work-life balance, and here the motion -picture show is less clear. Flexible working could be seen as a positive measure which helped reduce workplace stress through reducing hours, faux pas down on commuting time and minimizing work overload. However, it could also be a source of stress, if a reduction in hours meant that employees struggled to achieve objectives which had not been bookly reduced to match such a change. This reinforces the message that flexible working needs to be well designed to succeed, particularly in the case of reduced hours work where the required tasks of the function should reflect the hours useable (www.workingfamilies.org.uk).This study at Cranfield University also focused on the impact on employees performance related to the flexible working schedule. It has found that individuals and their managers matt-up positive 61% and 45% respectively. A similar number of managers 43% felt that there was no impact either way from flexible working. save a small proportion of respondents indicated th at flexible working had a prejudicious impact on the quantity of work of either the flexible workers themselves or their co-workers.Flexible work allows people to make changes to the hours or times they work, and where they work. It helps people organize their vocations to accommodate other ladings, and to manage transitions in and out of the workforce. For flexible work to be described as quality, these changes must not adversely affect income, career progression, availability of scheduled leave or access to desirable employment for those who take it up. For an arrangement to be considered truly flexible it must provide the employee with the means to manage his or her work while managing other commitments, and without adversely affecting the business. In addition, quality flexible work provides benefits for both employees and employers. Benefits for employees may include increased opportunities for families to spend quality time together and greater ease for family members to c ombine paid work and family responsibilities, while benefits for employers include addressing skills shortages and increased staff retention and loyalty (Fursman, 2009).Employee determined flexibility is widely regarded as a measure that can reduce work-life balance conflict. For example, in New Zealand, research by the Department of work (2008) found that employees who reported a particular FWA was available to them were more likely to rate their work-life balance highly. This is supported by research by the Families deputation showing that 88% of survey respondents who had a lot of flexibility were satisfied with their work-life balance, compared to 52% of respondents who had little or no flexibility (Families outfit, 2008). Statistics New Zealand data also shows that among employed people those that did not have flexible hours in their main job were more likely to be dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their work-life balance (Statistics New Zealand, 2008). Similarly in Au stralia, a 2008 survey found that employees without FWAs were more likely to experience work-life balance conflict (Pocock et al, 2009).Fursman and Zodgekar (2009) studied the Impacts of Flexible Working Arrangements on New Zealand Families. The findings of this research suggest that many family members have access to flexible work arrangements, and that such arrangements provide significant benefits for them and their families, including less stress and pressure and more opportunities to spend time together. Flexible work arrangements can also allow family members to meet their care responsibilities while maintaining their participation in the paid workforce. The arrangements wanted and needed by families changed as their families changed for example, as children reached school age, or older family members became increasingly more dependent.A range of studies associate flexible work arrangements with positive outcomes for employees. This includes a positive impact on employees perc eptions of job quality (Kelliher Anderson, 2008), increased job satisfaction and reduced leaving intentions (Forsyth and Polser-Debruyne, 2007), enabling families to spend more time together, and reducing stress and pressure (Families Commission, 2008).Gill et al(2007) studied the incidence and impact of flexible working arrangements in smaller businesses. In this study, positive impacts of flexible work arrangements in recruitment and retention, enhanced employee relations, commitment and loyalty are found, together with disadvantages of operational problems and administrative burdens.William et al (1981) have found that the flexi time did not support the traditional flexi time consequences for work satisfaction or leisure satisfaction. However, employees working under a flexi time schedule reported certain other improvements, including easier travel and parking, a smaller amount of interrole conflict, a greater feeling of being in control in the work setting and more opportunity for leisure activities.6.5 Limitations of implementation of flexible working hoursHayman (2009) has revealed that the attitudes and expectations of co-workers and employers intermingled with issues about fairness, managerial support, feelings of depravity, and career impacts are particular barriers to flexibility. And also he found that the availability of flexible work options alone may not be enough to influence work-life balance outcomes for employees and that perceived usability is critical. A UK study by Waumsley and Houston (2009) also found that perceptions play a significant role with study participants perceiving that flexible working is detrimental to work performance and career progression. This was despite participants recognizing that flexible working delivers work-life balance benefits.Organizational policies on flexible work cannot be fully effective without real support and commitment from management in implementing and applying these policies. Managers need to enc ourage and actively support the use of flexible arrangements, and organizations need to actively support managers in making flexible working arrangements part of the normal operating milieu. Managers need to be provided with appropriate resources, training and time to appropriately assess all requests for changes in work arrangements. Some adjustments to work organization may be necessary, such as scheduling meetings when all staff can attend (Equal Opportunity for Women in the WorkplaceAgencyhttp//www.eowa.gov.au/Pay_Equity/Files/Recommendations).Organizations also need to ensure that all employees who are using flexible work arrangements are accepted and respected as valued and committed employees. Such employees should be included in all training and professed(prenominal) development opportunities and given the opportunity for promotion on the same basis as all other employees.A critical part of a flexible work culture is ensuring that employees understand and work within an en vironment of mutual trust and obligation. Employees must have a strong commitment to the success of any flexible work arrangement. Employees on flexible work arrangements must maintain work and performance standards and ongoing communication between employees and their supervisors is essential.Employee engagement in the success of flexible work arrangements will maximize benefits for both the organization and the employee (Equal Opportunity for Women in the WorkplaceAgencyhttp//www.eowa.gov.au/Pay_Equity/Files/Recommendations)Research by the Families Commission found that a perception of unsupportive workplace cultures a perceived impact on career progression and reduction in income and a perception that flexibility was only available to highly valued employees were among the barriers experient by employees (Families Commission, 2008).It also found that flexibility could also lead to guilt about taking time off and employees working harder and doing longer hours than qualification ordinarily be the case (Families Commission, 2008).A recent smaller study of firms in the New Zealand accounting sector noted the impact of traditional values and culture within the sector that work against flexibility (Ministry of Womens Affairs, 2010). This includes a culture of long hours and at partnership level, a perception that being a partner and caring for children were mutually exclusive (Ministry of Womens Affairs, 2010).Work-life balance issues including Flexible Working Arrangements have a significant gender dimension (Fursman, 2008). Fursmans 2008 review of literature usefully summarizes some of the key issues emerging as includingThe conditional relation of gender differences in the industries and occupations that women and men work in, with different occupations affording different opportunities to access Flexible Working Arrangements.A range of literature discusses gender differences in decision-making about career choices with women more likely to make decisions based on accommodating family needs.Differences in the availability of Flexible Working Arrangements, both in the UK and New Zealand, with women more likely to request arrangements affecting their total number of hours worked where as men were more likely to request forms of flexibility that had no effect on income and earnings.Research revealing differences between men and womens perceptions of work with women more likely to place weight on putting family needs before work (Fursman, 2008).Social policy journal of New Zealand mentioned about a research showed that there were a number of barriers preventing the take-up of flexible working arrangements, with many of these resulting from employee perceptions that using flexible work arrangements would not be supported by their employers. The lack of available arrangements in particular workplaces was an obvious barrier however, other barriers centered on negative employer attitudes, both perceived and actual, to requests for flexible work. Employees reported that they did not use flexible work arrangements because doing so would have a negative impact on career progression and negative financial consequences (parti

The System Level And The Programmer Level Information Technology Essay

The System Level And The Programmer Level discipline Technology Es positProbably non, since any protection scheme devised by a human seat also be broken and the more(prenominal) complex the scheme is, the more difficult it is to be confident of its right implementation. As comp bed to dedicated machines, while-shargond machines ar far less secure, and ar very(prenominal) easy to overload the buffers. They atomic number 18 also much slower to speck a virus. But in dedicated machine, all resources are obtainable to the change being run.Q2) Under what circumstances would a substance abuser be better off using a time sharing dodging or else than a PC or single user workstation?autonomic nervous carcass . When there are few other users, the task is large, and the hardware is fast, time-sharing makes sense. The copious power of the placement can be brought to bear on the users line of work. The problem can be solved faster than on a in the flesh(predicate) computer. A nother case occurs when lots of other users need resources at the equal time. A personal computer is best when the job is small full to be managed reasonably on it and when practiseance is sufficient to execute the program to the users satisf meet.Q3) In the determinationing of the run(a)(a) system there are two cominges modular mall and superimposed approach? How are they variant?Ans. There are various differences between moduler perfume and layered approach-A modular kernel differs from a layered approach in that there is less overhead in making a clapperclaw to a lower level part of the kernel. The call doesnt prolong to initiate through numerous layers before work gets done and parts are aware of any other parts of the kernel and not vindicatory what is below them.Modular kernel is more secure as compared to layered approach, as more operations are done in user mode than in kernel mode.Debugging and modification of data is much easier in layered approach because c hanges affect only limited sections of the system rather than touching all sections of the system.In modular kernel approach, kernel design and its functionality are more simple as compared to layered approach.Part BQ4) There is guest operating system and a host operating system like VMware? List all the factors in choosing the host operating system?Ans. A host operating system is the operating system that is in direct converse with the hardware. It has direct hardware access to kernel mode and all of the devices on the physical machine. The guest operating system runs on top of a virtualization layer and all of the physical devices are virtualized. A host operating system should be as modular and thin as possible to allow the virtualization of the hardware to be as close to the physical hardware as possible, and so that dependencies that exist in the host operating dont restrict operation in the guest operating system.Q5) The kernel is responsible for a action with the processes. Search through the action of kernel and describe what is the action?Ans. The various actions of the kernel are as followsThe main task of a kernel is to allow the execution of applications and patronage them with features such as hardware abstractions.To run an application, a kernel typically sets up anaddress quadranglefor the application, loads the file containing the applications code into memory, sets up astackfor the program and branches to a given location indoors the program, thus starting its execution.The kernel usesscheduling algorithmsto determine which process is rail next and how much time it will be given. The algorithm elect may allow for some processes to have higher priority than others.To perform useful functions, processes need access to theperipheralsconnected to the computer, which are controlled by the kernel throughdevice drivers.If sometimes the interrupt has been occurred during execution of any process then it saves the state(address) of current proces s, and after that when interrupt has been removed then it restores the state(address) of prior process.Q6) Considering both the system level and the software engineer level.Consider the advantage and hurt of the following structure.Synchronous and a coexistent communication.Automatic and explicit buffering.Send by transcript and steer by extension serviceFixed- coatd and variable-sized message.AnsSynchronous and asynchronous communication-synchronous communicationAdvantage you can get an immediate repartee instant feedback fosters communication there seems to be a more randy bonding effect between people when there is a possiblity to give notice (of) in real time (synchronously), spontaneity.Disadvantage There is less time to think about what you want to say or your response to another(prenominal) time may be a limiting factor, e.g time zones synchronous communication over the computer may be difficult because of the pelt along of data transaction with slower connections yo u need extra equipment (speakers, microphone, webcamera).asynchronous communicationAdvantage you have time to think about what you want to say time is not a constraint. You can receive the message whenever you have time and you can analyze the content of the message more guardedly so the answer you give can be even more meaningful because it has gone through a process of elaboration.Disadvantage no immediate response, especially where time is significant you may not fill in if the other person has received your message the message loses human cope with.Automatic and explicit buffering Automatic buffering Advantage Automatic buffering provides a come up with indenite length thus ensuring the transmitter will never have to give up while waiting to copy a message.Disadvantage There are no specifications how automatic buffering will be provided one scheme may reserve sufficiently large memory where much of the memory is bony. definitive bufferingAdvantage Explicit buffering spec ies how large the bufferis.Disadvantage In this situation, the sender may be blocked while waiting for available space in the queue. However, it is less likely memory will be wasted with explicit buffering.Send by copy and send by fibre Send by copyAdvantage send by copy is better for synchronization issues.Disadvantage Send by copy does not allow the receiver to alter the state of parameter.send by annexeAdvantage A benet of send by reference is that it allows the programmer to write a distributed version of a centralized application Javas RMI provides both, until now passing a parameter by reference requires declaring the parameter as a remote object as well. Send by reference also allow the receiver to alter the state of parameter.Disadvantage send by reference can compromise the security of an organisation because beautiful information can be easily distributed accidently or deliberately.Fixed-sized and variable-sized messages Fixed-sized messagesAdvantage The implications o f this are mostly related to buffering issues with xed-size messages, a buffer with a specic size can hold a known number of messages.Disadvantage with xed-sized messages the messages are copied from the address space of the sender to the address space of the receiving process.Variable-sized messagesAdvantage variable-sized messages (i.e. large messages) use shared memory to pass the message.Disadvantage The number of variable-sized messages that can be held by such a buffer is unknown.

Ssis Is An In Memory Pipeline Computer Science Essay

Ssis Is An In Memory telephone subscriber line Com r and so oner Science EssaySince SSIS is an in- reposition phone line, one has to ensure that proceedings arrive in the reminiscence for executing benefits. To check if your encase is staying within repositing limits, one should review the SSIS performance counter Buffers spooled. This has an initial look on of 0. either jimmy above 0 is an indication that the engine has lead uped disk-swapping activities.Capacity proviso to consider chooseion utilizationIn order to understand re stemma utilization it is very master(prenominal) to monitor CPU, Memory, I/O and communicate utilization of the SSIS sheaf.CPUIt is important to understand how much CPU is cosmos utilized by SSIS and how much of CPU is cosmos utilized by everyplace wholly SQL emcee firearm Integration operate is executening. This latter tailor is very important, especi every last(predicate)y if you kick in a bun in the oven SSIS and SQL Server o n the akin box, beca affair if on that point is re spring contention, SQL Server exit surely win that willing solving into disk spilling from Integration Services resulting in slower shimmy speed.The performance counter that should be monitored is Process / % Processor Time (Total). integrity should monetary standard this counter for both sqlservr.exe and dtexec.exe. If SSIS is non close to c% CPU load, indeed this indicatesApplication contention For e.g. SQL Server motors more(prenominal) processor re point of references, makes it unavailable for SSIS ironwargon contention Probably a suboptimal disk I/O or not enough memory to handled the amount of info to be bear uponDesign limitation The SSIS design is not making consumption of par completelyelism, and/or the mail boat has too m any single- screw threaded working classs lucreSSIS moves information as sp final stagethrift as your cyberspace is able to handle it. Hence, it is important to understand your ne t income topo logy and ensure that the path between the root word and cultivation hasten both low latency and richly through prescribe. Following performance counters female genitals help you tune the topologyNe dickensrk Interface / Current Bandwidth Provides musical theme of current bandwidthNetwork Interface / Bytes Total/ entropy The rates at which bytes be sent and received on to separately one network organiserNetwork Interface / Transfers/ moment How many network transfers per second argon communicatering. If the identification account is close to 40,000 IOPs, indeed get an near other NIC card and expenditure teaming between the NIC cardsInput / Output (I/O)A in effect(p) SSIS portion should hit the disk precisely when it reads from the sources and writes back to the aline. But if the I/O is slow, reading and especially writing shadower prep atomic number 18 a bottleneck. So it is very important to understand that the I/O dodge of rules is not only specified in size of it (like 1 TB, 2 TB) and also its sustainable speed (like 20,000 IOPs).MemoryThe key counters to monitor memory for SSIS and SQL Server atomic number 18 as followsProcess / Private Bytes (DTEXEC.EXE) amount of memory currently utilize by Integration Services that atomic number 50not be divided with other processesProcess / Working Set (DTEXEC.EXE) amount of portiond memory by Integration ServicesSQL Server Memory Manager / Total Server Memory amount of allocated memory for SQL Server. This counter is the best indicator of natural memory used by SQL, because SQL Server has another modality to allocate memory utilise the AWE APIMemory / Page Reads/sec entireness memory pressure on the strategy. If this consistently goes above 500, it is an indication that the system is under memory pressureBaseline character placement invite come out SpeedIt is important to understand the source system and the speed at which info piece of ass be extract ed from it. Measure the speed of the source system by creating a simple package that reads info from few source with the term that says Row CountExecute this package from the command line and measure the cartridge clip it took for it to complete the task. Using Integration Services log output, you preserve measure the time taken. Formula to be usedRows/Sec = RowCount / TimeBased on the above value, you can judge the upper limit number of lyrics per second that can be read from the source. To increase the Rows/Sec calculation, you can perform one of the following operationsImprove device drivers and driver classs Ensure you are utilize the up-to-date driver configurations for the network, entropy source and disk I/O.Start ninefold connections To overcome limitations of drivers, you can get cracking four-fold connections to your info source. If the source is able to handle many synchronal connections, the throughput will increase if you scar several extracts at once. If concurrency causes lockup or blocking issues, ingest cleavageing the source having your packages read from distinguishable partitions to more evenly distri notwithstandinge the load use septuple NIC cards If network is the bottleneck and you experience ensured you are use gigabit network cards and routers, so a potential etymon is to use multiple NIC cards per server. perfect SQL data source, Lookup renewings and DestinationHere are some optimisation tips that you can implement in your SSIS packages pulmonary tuberculosis NOLOCK or TABLOCK hints to remove locking overheadRefrain from using SELECT * in SQL queries. Mention each column soma in the SELECT clause for which data take to be retrievedIf possible, perform datetime conversions at source or target databasesIn SQL Server 2008 Integration Services, thither is a new lark of shared out lookup cache. During the use of parallel pipelines, it provides high-speed, shared cacheIf Integration Services and SQL Server rifle on the same box, use SQL Server stopping point instead of OLE DBCommit size 0 is fastest on heap bulk targets. If you cannot use 0, use the highest possible value of reach size to reduce overhead of multiple-batch writing. Commit size = 0 is severe while inserting into BTree because all incoming rows must be multifariousnessed at once into the target BTree, and if the memory is express mail, there is a likelihood of spill. Batchsize=0 is ideal for inserting into a heap. Please note that a come in size value of 0 might cause the running package to block responding if the OLE DB destination and another data give member are updating the same source disconcert. To ensure that the package does not stop, bound the maximum insert commit size option to 2147483647Use a commit size of Heap inserts are typi battle cryy instantaneous than using a clustered index. This bureau it is urge oned to drop and rebuild all the indexes if there is a large part of the destination sk irt getting changed.Use partitions and partition SWITCH command. In other words load a work confuse that contains single partition and SWITCH it into the main table after the indexes are build and and so put the constraints onNetwork reposePacket size is the main place of the network that take to be monitored / looked at in order to take decisions for Network tuning. By remissness this value is set to 4,096 bytes. As noted in Sql linkup.PacketSize space in .Net Framework Class Library, when the packet size is increased, it will remediate performance because fewer network read and write operations are required to transfer a large data set. If your system is doingal in nature, lowering the value will improve the performance.Another network tuning technique is to use network affinity at the operating system take aim to increase the performance at high throughputs.Use data Type wiselyFollowing are some best practices related to to usage of data fictional charactersDefine d ata types as narrow as possibleDo not perform excessing casting of data types. suss out your data types to the source or destination and explicitly claim data type castingTake care of precision when using money, muck up and decimal data types. Money data type is al dashs faster than decimal and has fewer precision considerations than float.Change the designFollowing are some best practices related to SSIS designDo not mannequin within Integration Services unless absolutely necessary. In order to sort the data Integration Services allocates memory space for the entire data set that wants to be transformed. Preferably, presort the data forrader hand. Another way to sort the data is by using ORDER BY clause to sort large data in the database.There are quantify where using Transact-SQL will be faster than processing the data in SSIS. Generally all set-based operations will perform faster in Transact-SQL because the riddle can be transformed into a relational algebra face that S QL Server is optimized to resolve.Set-based UPDATE recitals these are more efficient than row-by-row OLE DB calls assembly statements like GROUP BY and SUM are also measured faster using T-SQL instead of in-memory calculations by a pipelineDelta espial is a technique where you change existing rows in the target table instead of reloading the table. To perform delta detection, one can change detection appliance such as the new SQL Server 2008 Change information take hold of (CDC) functionality. As a rule of thumb, if the target table has changed 10 %, it is very much faster to simply reload than to perform the delta detectionPartition the problemFor ETL design, partition source data into low-pitcheder lubbers of equal size. Here are some more partitioning tipsUse partitioning on your target table. Multiple versions of the same package can be executed in parallel to insert data into different partitions of the same table. The SWITCH statement should be used during partition ing. It not only increases parallel load speed, but also allows efficient transfer of data.As implied above, the package should have a parameter defined that specifies which partition should it work on.Minimize logged operationsIf possible, used minimal logged operations while inserting data into your target SQL Server database. When data is inserted into a database in in full logged temper, the size of the log grows quickly, because each row that is written in the database is also written to the log. Therefore, consider the following while designing SSIS packagesTry to perform data geological periods in bulk mode instead of row by row. This will help minimize the number of entries to the log file. This outletually results into less disk I/O and so improving the performanceIf for any reason you need to delete data, gear up the data in such a way that you can use TRUNCATE instead of DELETE. The later places an entry of each row that is deleted into the log file. The former will delete all the data and just put one entry into the log fileIf for any reason partition need to be move around, use the SWITCH statement. This is a minimally logged operationIf you use DML statements along with your INSERT statements, minimum enter is suppressed. chronicle and distribute it correctlyGood way to handle effect is to produce a priority come up for your package and then execute multiple instances of the same package (with different partition parameter values). This waiting line can be a simple SQL Server table. A simple coil in the give flow should be a part of each package toPick a relevant chunk from the queue applicable means that is not already been processed and that all chunks it depends on have already executedExit the package if no item is returned from the queuePerform work required on the chunkMark the chunk as done in the queueReturn to the set forth of the cringlePicking an item from the queue and marking it as done can be implemented as a stored p rocedure. Once you have the queue in place, you can simple start multiple copies of DTEXEC to increase parallelism. bound it simpleUnnecessary use of components should be avoided. Here is one of the way to avoid itStep 1 Declare the variable varServerDateStep 2 Use ExecuteSQLTask in the control flow to execute a SQL interrogate to get the server datatime and store it in the variableStep 3 Use the dataflow task and insert/update database with the server datatime from the variable varServerDateThis time is advisable only in cases where the time difference from Step 2 to Step 3 really matters. If that does not matter, then just use the getdate() command at Step 3 as shown below throw table Table1(t_ID int, t_date datetime) attach into Table1(t_ID, t_date) values(1, getdate())Executing a child package multiple times from a parent with different parameter values term executing a child package from a master package, parameters that are passed from the master package should be configured in the child package. Use the rise Package human body option in the child package to implement this feature. But for using this option, you need to specify the name of the Parent Package Variable that is passed to the child package. If there is a need to call the same child package multiple times (each time with a different parameter value), declare the parent package variables (with the same name as given in the child package) with a ambit check to Execute Package Tasks. SSIS allows declaring variables with the same name but the scope limited to different tasks all in spite of appearance the same package.SQL Job with many atomic stepsFor the SQL job that calls the SSIS packages, create multiple steps, each performing small tasks rather than one step that performs all the tasks. Creating one big step, the transaction log grows too big and if a rollback takes place, it make take the full processing space of the server.Avoid unnecessary typecastsAvoid unnecessary typecasts. Fo r e.g., flat file connection film director, be default, uses the string DT-STR data type for all columns. You will have to manually change it, if there is a need to use the factual data type. It is always a good option to change it at the source-level itself to avoid unnecessary type casting. proceedingsUsually, ETL processes handle large intensity level of data. In such scenarios, do not attempt a transaction on the whole package logic. SSIS does stand out transactions, and it is advisable to use transactions.Distributed transaction that span across multiple tasksThe control flow of an SSIS package threads together various control tasks. In SSIS it is possible to set a transaction that can span into multiple tasks using the same connection. To enable this, set value of the retainsameconnection airplane propeller of the Connection Manager to trueLimit the package name to maximum of blow charactersWhen a SSIS package with a package name exceeding 100 characters is deployed in S QL Server, it trims the package name to 100 characters, which may cause an transaction failure.SELECT * FROMDo not pass any unnecessary columns from the source to the destination. With the OLEDB connection manager source, using the Table or View data access mode is equivalent to SELECT * FROM tablename, which will fetch all the columns. Use SQL Command to fetch only required columns and pass that to the destination. outdo source and 64-bit runtimeExcel Source or Excel Connection manager works only with the 32-bit runtime. Whenever a package that uses Excel Source is enabled for 64-bit runtime (by default, this is enabled), it will fail on the production server using the 64-bit runtime. Go to solution property pages debugging and set Run64BitRuntime to FALSE.On failure of a component, stop / hold out the exertion with the next componentWhen a component fails, the property failParentonFailure can be effectively used either to stop the package transaction or continue with the next component execution in the epoch container. The constraint value connecting the components in the period should be set to Completion. besides the failParentonFailure property should be set to FALSE.ProtectionTo avoid most of the package deployment error from one system to other, set the package protection level to DontSaveSensitiveCopy pasting script componentOnce you copy-paste a script component and execute the package, it may fail. As a work-around, open the script editor of the pasted script component, maintain the script and then execute the package.Configuration strain Use as a filterAs a best practice use the package name as the configuration filter for all the configuration items that are peculiar(prenominal) to a package. This is typically useful when there are so many packages with package specific configuration items. Use a generic name for configuration items that are general to many packages.Optimal use of configuration go intosAvoid using the same configurati on item recorded under different filter / object name. For e.g. there should be only one configuration record created if two packages are using the same connection string. This can be achieved by using the same name for the connection manager in both the packages. This is quite useful at the time of porting from one surroundings to other (like UAT to Prod).Pulling High Volume dataProcess of displace high volume is represented in the following flowchartThe testimonial is to consider dropping all indexes from the target tables if possible before inserting data especially when the volume inserts are high.Effect of OLEDB Destination SettingsCertain settings with OLEDB destination will impact the performance of the data transfer. Lets look at some of themData Access Mode This setting provides fast load option, which internally uses BULK INSERT statement for uploading data into the destination table.Keep individualism By default this setting is un check which means the destination t able (if it has an identity column) will create identity values on its own. On checking this setting, the dataflow engine will ensure that the source identity values are preserved and same value is inserted into the destination table.Keep NULLs By default this setting is unchecked which means default value will be inserted (if the default constraint is defined on the target column) during INSERT into the destination table if NULL value is coming from the source for that particular column. On checking this option, the default constraint on the destination tables column will be ignored and preserved NULL of the source column will be inserted into the destination column.Table Lock By default this setting is checked and the recommendation is to let it be checked unless the same table is being used by some other process at the same time.Check Constraints By default this setting is checked and recommendation is to have it unchecked if you are sure the incoming data is not tone ending to violate constraints of the destination table. This setting indicates that the dataflow pipeline engine will validate the incoming data against the constraints of target table. Performance of data load can be improved by unchecking this option.Effects of Rows per Batch and Maximum Insert Commit Size settingsRows per batch The default value for this setting is -1 which means all incoming rows will be treated as a single batch. If required you can change this to a positive whole number value to break all incoming rows into multiple batches. The positive whole number value will represent the total number of rows in a batchMaximum insert commit size Default value for this setting is 2147483647 which means all incoming rows will be perpetrate once on successful completion. If required, you can change this positive integer to any other positive integer number that would represent that the commit will be done for those specified number of records. This might put an overhead on the d ataflow engine to commit several times, but on the other side it will release the pressure on the transaction log and save tempdb from growing tremendously especially during high volume data transfers.The above two settings are mainly focused on improving the performance of tempdb and transaction log.Avoid coincidental/Asynchronous transformations enchantment executing the package, SSIS runtime engine executes every task other than data flow task in defined sequence. On encountering a data flow task the execution of the data flow task is taken over by the data flow pipeline engine. The dataflow pipeline engine then breaks the execution of the data flow task into one ore more execution tree(s). It may also execute these trees in parallel to achieve high performance.To make things a bit clearly, here is what an work Tree means. An Execution tree starts at a source or an asynchronous transformation and ends at a destination or first asynchronous transformation in the hierarchy. Each tree has a set of allocated buffer and scope of these buffers is associated to this tree. Also in addition to this every tree is allocated an OS thread (worker-thread) and unlike buffers other execution tree may share this thread.Synchronous transformation gets a record, processes it and passes it to the other transformation or destination in the sequence. The processing of a record does not bloodsucking on the other incoming rows. Since synchronous transformations output the same number of rows as the input, it does not require new buffers to be created and hence is faster in processing. For e.g., in the Derived column transformation, a new column gets added in each incoming row, without adding any additional records to the output.In case of asynchronous transformation, different number of rows can be created than the input requiring new buffers to be created. Since an output is dependent on one or more records it is called blocking transformation. It might be partial or full bloc king. For e.g., the Sort novelty is a fully blocking transformation as it requires all the incoming rows to arrive before processing.Since the asynchronous transformation requires additional buffers it performs slower than synchronous transformations. Hence asynchronous transformations must be avoided wherever possible. For e.g. instead of using Sort Transformation to get sorted results, use ORDER BY clause in the source itself.Implement Parallel Execution in SSISParallel execution in allowed by SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) in two different ways by controlling two properties mentioned belowMax simultaneousExecutables this property defines how many tasks (executable) can run simultaneously. This property defaults to -1, which is translated to the number of processors plus 2. In case, hyper-threading is turned on in your box, it is the logical processor rather than the physically present processor that is counted.For e.g. we have a package with 3 Data lean tasks where eve ry task has 10 flows in the form of OLE DB Source - SQL Server Destination. To execute all 3 Data Flow Tasks simultaneously, set the value of Max simultaneousExecutables to 3.The second property named EngineThreads controls whether all 10 flows in each individual Data Flow Task get started concurrently.EngineThreads this property defines how many work threads the schedule will create and run in parallel. The default value for this property is 5.In the above example, if we set the EngineThreads to 10 on all 3 Data Flow Tasks, then all the 30 flows will start at the same time.One thing we want to be clear nearly EngineThreads is that it governs both source threads (for source components) and work threads (for transformation and destination components). Source and work threads are both engine threads created by the Data Flows scheduler. Looking back at the above example, setting a value of 10 for Engine Threads means up to 10 source and 10 work threads each.In SSIS, we dont affinitiz e the threads that we create to any of the processors. If the number of threads surpasses the number of available processors, it might lose the throughput due to an excessive amount of context switches.Package restart without losing pipeline dataSSIS has a cool feature called Checkpoint. This feature allows your package to start from the last point of failure on next execution. You can save a lot of time by enabling this feature to start the package execution from the task that failed in the last execution. To enable this feature for your package set values for three properties CheckpointFileName, CheckpointUsage and SaveCheckpoints. Apart from this you should also set FailPackageOnFailure property to TRUE for all tasks that you want to be considered in restarting.By doing this, on failure of that task, the package fails and the information is tranced in the checkpoint file and on subsequent execution, the execution starts from that tasks.It is very important to note that you can enable a task to participate in checkpoint including data flow task but it does not apply inside the data flow task. Lets consider a scenario, where you have a data flow task for which you have set FailPackageOnFailure property to TRUE to participate in checkpoint. Lets assume that inside the data flow task there are five transformations in sequence and the execution fails at 5th transformation (assumption is that earlier 4 transformations complete successfully). On the following execution instance, the execution will start from the data flow task and the first 4 transformations will run again before coming to 5th one.It is worth noting below points.For grommet and for each loop do not honor Checkpoint.Checkpoint is enabled at only control flow level and not at data level, so regardless of checkpoint the package will execute the control flow/data flow from the start in a case of restart.If package fails, checkpoint file, all server configurations and variables values are stored and also point of failure. So if package restarted, it takes all configuration values from checkpoint file. During failure you cannot change the configuration values. trump practices for put downIntegration Services includes enter features that write log entries when run-time results occur and can also write customs messages. Logging, to help you in auditing and troubleshooting a package every time it is run, can capture run-time information about a package. For e.g., name of the operator who ran the package and the time the package began and completed can be captured in the log.Logging (or tracing the execution) is a extensive way of diagnosing the problem occurring during runtime. This is especially very useful when your edict does not work as expected. Not only that, SSIS allows you to choose different solutions of a package and components of the packages to log as well as the localization where the log information is to be written (text files, SQL Server, SQL Server Profil er, Windows Events, or XML files).The put down saves you from several hours of frustration that you might get while finding out the causes of problem if you are not using logging, but the story doesnt end here. Its true, it helps you in identifying the problem and its root cause, but at the same time its an overhead for SSIS that ultimately affects the performance as well, especially if you are to a fault using logging. So the recommendation here is to use logging in a case of error (OnError event of package and containers) . Enable logging on other containers only if required, you can dynamically set the value of the LoggingMode property (of a package and its executables) to enable or disable logging without modifying the package.You can create your own custom logging which can be used for troubleshooting, package monitoring, ETL operations performance dashboard creation etc.However the best approach is to use the built-in SSIS logging where arrogate and augment it with your own custom logging. A normal custom logging can provide all the information you need as per requirement. aegis audit and data audit is out of scope of this document.To help you understand which bulk load operations will be minimally logged and which will not, the following table lists the possible combinations.Table IndexesRows in tableHintsWithout TF 610With TF 610Concurrent possibleHeapeveryTABLOCK marginalMinimalYesHeap whateverNone skillfulFullYesHeap + IndexAnyTABLOCKFullDepends (3)No chunkEmptyTABLOCK, ORDER (1)MinimalMinimalNoClusterEmptyNoneFullMinimalYes (2)ClusterAnyNoneFullMinimalYes (2)ClusterAnyTABLOCKFullMinimalNoCluster + IndexAnyNoneFullDepends (3)Yes (2)Cluster + IndexAnyTABLOCKFullDepends (3)No(1) It is not necessary to specify the ORDER hint, if you are using the INSERT SELECT method, but the rows need to be in the same order as the clustered index. era using BULK INSERT it is necessary to use the ORDER hint.(2) Concurrent loads are only possible under certain cond itions. only(prenominal) rows those are written to newly allocated pages are minimally logged.(3) Based on the plan chosen by the optimizer, the non-clustered index on the table may either be fully- or minimally logged.Best practices for error handlingThere are two methods of extending the logging capability,Build a custom log providerUse event handlersWe can extent SSISs event handler for error logging. We can capture error on OnError event of package and let package handle it gracefully. We can capture actual error using script task and log it in text file or in a SQL server tables. You can capture error details using system variables SystemErrorCode, SystemErrorDescription, SystemSourceDescription etc.If you are using custom logging, log the error in same table.In some cases you may wish to ignore it or handle the error at container level or in some cases at task level.Event handlers can be attached to any container in the package and that event handler will catch all events rai sed by that container and any child containers of that container. Hence, by attaching an event handler to the package (which is parent container) we can catch all events raised of that event type by every container in the package. This is powerful because it saves us from mental synthesis event handlers for each task in the package.A container has an option to opt out of having its events captured by an event handler. Lets say, you had a sequence container for which you didnt find it important to capture events, you can then simply switch them off using the sequence containers DisableEventHandlers property.If are looking to capture only certain events of that sequence task by an event handler, you could control this using the SystemPropogate variable.We recommend you to use se