Backchannel Signals

Prosodic Features which Cue Back-channel Responses in English and Japanese Nigel Ward and Wataru Tsukahara University of capital of Japan biographical Notes Nigel Ward received a Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1991. Wataru Tsukahara hopes to receive a Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1999. His thesis research focuses on the construction of a responsive and sensitive spoken lyric system responsive in the sense of taking turns with the analogous swiftness as people, and sensitive in the sense of ad bonnying responses to subtle shifts in the users attitude as revealed by his congressman timing and prosody. Abstract Back-channel feedback, responses such as uh-uh from a listener, is a permeating feature of conversation. It has desire been thought that the output of back channel feedback depends to a large extent on the actions of the other conversation partner, not just on the volition of the one who produces them. In particular, prosod ic moves from the vocaliser subscribe long been thought to play a role, but have so far eluded identi?cation. We have earlier suggested that an important prosodic cue involved, in both English and Japanese, is a region of prat birth late in an utterance (Ward, 1996). This paper presents evidence for this claim, surveys other factors which elicit or inhibit back-channel responses, discusses issues in the de?nition of back-channel feedback, and mentions a few related phenomena and theoretical issues. *We convey Keikichi Hirose for the pitch tracker, Yuichiro Fukuchi for e?orts to disprove our hypothesis, Daniel Jurafsky, Kikuo Maekawa, Elizabeth Shriberg, Maki Sugimoto, Minoru Terada and anonymous referees for discussion, and our conversants for the data. We also thank the Japanese Ministry of Education, the Sound Technology Promotion Foundation, the Nakayama Foundation, and the Inamori Foundation for support. 1 Introduction By back-channel feedback we mean, appr oximately, the short utterances produced...I! f you want to mystify a replete essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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